! •! Freedom of thought, conscience and religion: “Freedom either alone or in a community with others and in public or private, to manifest religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance” (Article 9); •! Freedom of expression: “Freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers” (Article 10); •! Freedom of assembly and association (Article 11). However, these are qualified rights, and national laws place limitations on them in order to protect the rights 25 and freedoms of others, public order, public safety, crime prevention and national security. 2.3 Criminal Law The Crown Prosecution Service defines violent extremism as “the demonstration of unacceptable behaviour by using any means or medium to express views which”: •! Foment, justify or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs; •! Seek to provoke others to terrorist acts; 26 •! Foster hatred which might lead to inter-community violence in the UK. The types of activities identified that are relevant to external speakers include: “offences arising through spoken words, creation of tapes and videos of speeches, internet entries, chanting, banners and written notes and publication”. The following offences must also be taken into account: Murder offences: •! Encouraging or persuading any person to murder any other person (Offences against the Person Act 1861, s.4); •! Inciting murder for terrorist purposes overseas (Terrorism Act 2000, s.59). Fundraising offences: •! Fundraising for terrorist purposes (Terrorism Act 2000, s.15-18). Proscribed organisation offences: •! Belonging or professing to belong to a proscribed organisation (Terrorism Act 2000, s.11 (1)); •! Inviting support for a proscribed organisation (Terrorism Act 2000, s.12 (1-2)). Dissemination of terrorist publication offences: •! Distributing or circulating a terrorist publication (Terrorism Act 2006, s.2 (1) (a) and 2 (a)); !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25 ‘External speakers in higher education institutions’, Universities UK, 22 November 2013, p.7, available at: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/highereducation/Documents/2013/ExternalSpeakersInHigherEducationInstitutions.pdf, last visited: 17 April 2016. 26 ‘Challenging Extremism: Practical frameworks for our universities’, The Henry Jackson Society, 2012, pp.61-62, available at: http://www.studentrights.org.uk/userfiles/files/SRSocialMedia(1).pdf, last visited: 17 April 2016. 9! !